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    Total Management Cost

    Quantifies the cost of properly managing a country’s protected area network relative to its overall economic output. A higher score in this metric, indicating a lower proportion of a country’s gross national income required to manage its protected areas, reflects greater efficiency of conservation management. Costly protected areas are more likely to be “paper reserves”, protected in name but under-resourced to enforce policy and mitigate threats.

    Investing resources into conservation indicates a significant commitment to environmental stewardship, signifying substantial investment in activities such as habitat restoration, pollution control, and biodiversity conservation. This investment is crucial for long-term ecological health and sustainability, which can also contribute to economic stability through tourism, improved agricultural practices, and disaster resilience. On the other hand inadequate funding for environmental management could potentially lead to degraded ecosystems and a loss of biodiversity, which could impose long-term costs on the economy and public well-being.

    The higher the score, the better the country ranks for this parameter.

    The table is sorted from the highest score to the lowest:

    Rank Country Score Change
    1
    Bangladesh    		 100 N/A
    2
    Barbados    		 100 N/A
    3
    Burundi    		 100 N/A
    4
    Cape Verde    		 100 N/A
    5
    China    		 100 N/A
    6
    Colombia    		 100 N/A
    7
    Djibouti    		 100 N/A
    8
    India    		 100 N/A
    9
    Indonesia    		 100 N/A
    10
    Iran    		 100 N/A
    11
    Iraq    		 100 N/A
    12
    Japan    		 100 N/A
    13
    Lebanon    		 100 N/A
    14
    Mauritania    		 100 N/A
    15
    Mauritius    		 100 N/A
    16
    Myanmar    		 100 N/A
    17
    Paraguay    		 100 N/A
    18
    Rwanda    		 100 N/A
    19
    Singapore    		 100 N/A
    20
    Solomon Islands    		 100 N/A
    21
    South Korea    		 100 N/A
    22
    Sudan    		 100 N/A
    23
    Tonga    		 100 N/A
    24
    Turkey    		 100 N/A
    25
    Uganda    		 100 N/A
    26
    Uzbekistan    		 100 N/A
    27
    Vanuatu    		 100 N/A
    28
    Vietnam    		 100 N/A
    29
    Antigua and Barbuda    		 99 N/A
    30
    Argentina    		 99 N/A
    31
    Cameroon    		 99 N/A
    32
    Chile    		 99 N/A
    33
    Congo    		 99 N/A
    34
    Comoros    		 99 N/A
    35
    DR Congo    		 99 N/A
    36
    Denmark    		 99 N/A
    37
    Equatorial Guinea    		 99 N/A
    38
    Gambia    		 99 N/A
    39
    Guinea    		 99 N/A
    40
    Haiti    		 99 N/A
    41
    Hungary    		 99 N/A
    42
    Ivory Coast    		 99 N/A
    43
    Jamaica    		 99 N/A
    44
    Kazakhstan    		 99 N/A
    45
    Laos    		 99 N/A
    46
    Madagascar    		 99 N/A
    47
    Nigeria    		 99 N/A
    48
    Philippines    		 99 N/A
    49
    Qatar    		 99 N/A
    50
    Senegal    		 99 N/A
    51
    Serbia    		 99 N/A
    52
    Seychelles    		 99 N/A
    53
    Togo    		 99 N/A
    54
    Uruguay    		 99 N/A
    55
    Albania    		 98 N/A
    56
    Algeria    		 98 N/A
    57
    Angola    		 98 N/A
    58
    Armenia    		 98 N/A
    59
    Cambodia    		 98 N/A
    60
    Costa Rica    		 98 N/A
    61
    Czech republic    		 98 N/A
    62
    Dominican Republic    		 98 N/A
    63
    Gabon    		 98 N/A
    64
    Guinea-Bissau    		 98 N/A
    65
    Guyana    		 98 N/A
    66
    Iceland    		 98 N/A
    67
    Israel    		 98 N/A
    68
    Kyrgyztan    		 98 N/A
    69
    Malawi    		 98 N/A
    70
    Pakistan    		 98 N/A
    71
    Sri Lanka    		 98 N/A
    72
    Switzerland    		 98 N/A
    73
    Turkmenistan    		 98 N/A
    74
    Zimbabwe    		 98 N/A
    75
    Belgium    		 97 N/A
    76
    Benin    		 97 N/A
    77
    Burkina Faso    		 97 N/A
    78
    Fiji    		 97 N/A
    79
    Mali    		 97 N/A
    80
    Mongolia    		 97 N/A
    81
    North Macedonia    		 97 N/A
    82
    Malta    		 97 N/A
    83
    Mexico    		 97 N/A
    84
    Moldova    		 97 N/A
    85
    Netherlands    		 97 N/A
    86
    Norway    		 97 N/A
    87
    Sweden    		 97 N/A
    88
    Tanzania    		 97 N/A
    89
    Kenya    		 96 N/A
    90
    Russia    		 96 N/A
    91
    South Africa    		 96 N/A
    92
    Suriname    		 96 N/A
    93
    Trinidad and Tobago    		 96 N/A
    94
    Ukraine    		 96 N/A
    95
    United Arab Emirates    		 96 N/A
    96
    Chad    		 95 N/A
    97
    Ireland    		 95 N/A
    98
    Nepal    		 95 N/A
    99
    Papua New Guinea    		 95 N/A
    100
    Saint Lucia    		 95 N/A
    101
    United States    		 95 N/A
    102
    Bosnia and Herz.    		 94 N/A
    103
    Grenada    		 94 N/A
    104
    Niger    		 94 N/A
    105
    United Kingdom    		 94 N/A
    106
    Central Af. Rep.    		 93 N/A
    107
    Cuba    		 93 N/A
    108
    Egypt    		 93 N/A
    109
    Malaysia    		 93 N/A
    110
    Samoa    		 93 N/A
    111
    Afghanistan    		 92 N/A
    112
    Azerbaijan    		 92 N/A
    113
    Bahamas    		 92 N/A
    114
    Germany    		 92 N/A
    115 Italy 92 N/A
    116
    Brunei    		 90 N/A
    117
    Eswatini    		 90 N/A
    118
    Honduras    		 90 N/A
    119
    Kuwait    		 90 N/A
    120
    France    		 89 N/A
    121
    Ghana    		 89 N/A
    122
    Guatemala    		 89 N/A
    123
    Luxembourg    		 89 N/A
    124
    Romania    		 89 N/A
    125
    Tunisia    		 89 N/A
    126
    Austria    		 88 N/A
    127
    El Salvador    		 88 N/A
    128
    Finland    		 88 N/A
    129
    Georgia    		 88 N/A
    130
    Sierra Leone    		 88 N/A
    131
    Jordan    		 87 N/A
    132
    Morocco    		 87 N/A
    133
    Poland    		 87 N/A
    134
    Portugal    		 87 N/A
    135
    Dominica    		 86 N/A
    136
    St. Vincent and the Grenadines    		 86 N/A
    137
    Saudi Arabia    		 86 N/A
    138
    Latvia    		 84 N/A
    139
    New Zealand    		 84 N/A
    140
    Brazil    		 83 N/A
    141
    Canada    		 83 N/A
    142
    Spain    		 83 N/A
    143
    Belarus    		 82 N/A
    144
    Lesotho    		 82 N/A
    145
    Lithuania    		 82 N/A
    146
    Peru    		 82 N/A
    147
    Estonia    		 81 N/A
    148
    Nicaragua    		 81 N/A
    149
    Cyprus    		 80 N/A
    150
    East Timor    		 80 N/A
    151
    Australia    		 79 N/A
    152
    Eritrea    		 79 N/A
    153
    Greece    		 78 N/A
    154
    Montenegro    		 77 N/A
    155
    Mozambique    		 77 N/A
    156
    Bhutan    		 76 N/A
    157
    Slovakia    		 75 N/A
    158
    Slovenia    		 75 N/A
    159
    Bolivia    		 74 N/A
    160
    Panama    		 70 N/A
    161
    Tajikistan    		 69 N/A
    162
    Venezuela    		 68 N/A
    163
    Bulgaria    		 66 N/A
    164
    Ecuador    		 64 N/A
    165
    Croatia    		 62 N/A
    166
    Botswana    		 56 N/A
    167
    Zambia    		 51 N/A
    168
    Oman    		 47 N/A
    169
    Liberia    		 45 N/A
    170
    Belize    		 39 N/A
    171
    Namibia    		 31 N/A

    Source and Calculation

    Protected Area shapefiles are sourced from the World Database on Protected Areas through Protected Planet. Latest values of each country’s gross national income and purchasing power parity are sourced from the World Bank Group. The management cost in USD per km protected area is calculated for each country using the Balmford-Moore equation, multiplied by each country’s total protected area and then divided by the country’s gross national income to calculate the proportion of gross national income required to manage each country’s protected area network. A minimum score is given to a country that needs to invest 3% or more of its gross national income to manage its protected areas. *Different sources offer varying data, as datasets may be subject to changes due to recent updates and revisions.