It is found only on Bawean Island, a small volcanic island in the Java Sea of Indonesia. With such a tiny range, this deer has symbolized the island’s unique biodiversity and fragile ecosystems. In appearance, the bawean deer is small and stocky. Its coat is a rich chestnut brown, lighter on the underside, and it has relatively short legs compared to other deer—features give it a compact, almost pig-like look, which explains its alternative name “hog deer.” Males grow short, three-tined antlers that curve backward elegantly, while females are antlerless. Their large, dark eyes and alert posture give them a gentle but cautious appearance, fitting for such a rare and secretive animal.

This deer is primarily nocturnal, preferring to rest hidden in dense undergrowth during the day and emerging at dusk to feed. Its diet consists mostly of grasses, leaves, fruits, and shoots. Because Bawean Island is small and densely vegetated, the Bawean deer has adapted to living in thick forest habitats and shrubland, where its small body and strong legs allow it to move easily through tangled terrain. Unlike many deer that form large herds, the bawean deer is usually found in solitary pairs or very small groups, which adds to its elusive nature.

Unfortunately, the bawean deer is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN. Its biggest threats are habitat loss from agriculture, competition with livestock, and hunting. Because its entire population is restricted to a single small island, it is especially vulnerable to disease outbreaks, natural disasters, or human disturbance.

Distribution

Country

Population est.

Status

Year

Comments

Indonesia

200-500

Official estimate

CR

2014

Jawa