Ornithoptera

Belonging to the same family as swallowtails (Papilionidae), Ornithoptera are a subgroup that takes things to a whole new level with their massive size, bold colors, and bird-like flight, hence the name “birdwing.” These butterflies are mostly found in the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, and northern Australia. What truly makes them stand out is their enormous wingspan, making them the largest butterflies on Earth! When they fly, their slow, powerful wingbeats resemble those of birds more than insects, making them seem almost unreal in the air.

One of the most famous species is the Queen Alexandra’s birdwing (Ornithoptera alexandrae), which is not only the largest butterfly in the world but also one of the rarest. The females are even larger than the males and have broad brown wings with white markings, while the males flaunt dazzling turquoise and green wings that shimmer in the sunlight. Interestingly, while the females may be bigger, the males are the flashier flyers, often zipping through the forest canopy in search of mates. Another well-known member, the Cairns birdwing (Ornithoptera euphorion), found in northeastern Australia, is a local icon and a favorite among butterfly watchers.

What truly separates Ornithoptera from other butterflies, including their swallowtail cousins, is not just their size or beauty, but their ecological sensitivity and conservation importance. Many species are threatened or endangered due to habitat loss and illegal collecting, leading to strict protections under international law. In fact, Queen Alexandra’s birdwing is listed under CITES Appendix I, meaning trade is nearly entirely banned.