A unique and lesser-known primate found only on the Pagai Islands, part of the Mentawai Islands off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Because these islands have been isolated from the mainland for thousands of years, the animals living there have evolved distinct traits, and the Pagai Island macaque is a clear example of this process. Medium-sized and sturdy, this macaque has dense fur that ranges from grayish-brown to darker tones, helping it blend into the shaded forest environment. Its face is expressive, with alert eyes that reflect high intelligence and awareness, traits common among macaques.

This species lives mainly in tropical rainforests, including both primary and less disturbed secondary forests. The Pagai Island macaque is well adapted to life in the trees but also spends time on the ground, especially while foraging. It is active during the day and follows a daily routine of traveling, feeding, resting, and social interaction. The forest canopy provides safety from predators and access to food, while the forest floor offers fallen fruits and other resources. Because the Pagai Islands are relatively small, these macaques depend heavily on healthy, intact forests for survival.

Social life is central to the Pagai Island macaque’s behavior. They live in groups that can include multiple adult males, females, and young individuals. Group living provides protection and allows members to share information about food sources and threats. Communication within the group is complex and includes vocal calls, facial expressions, body postures, and grooming. Grooming is especially important, as it strengthens social bonds, reduces tension, and helps maintain harmony within the group.

The Pagai Island macaque has an adaptable and varied diet. It feeds mainly on fruits, leaves, seeds, flowers, and insects, adjusting its food choices based on seasonal availability. As a fruit eater, it plays an important role in seed dispersal, helping forests regenerate and maintain plant diversity.

Distribution

Country

Population est.

Status

Year

Comments

Indonesia

2,100 – 3,700

Official estimate

CR

2015

Sumatera