Myobatrachidae – Australian ground frogs

Myobatrachids are notable for their varied reproductive strategies, ecological niches, and often unique appearances. They inhabit a vast array of environments, from arid deserts and alpine regions to tropical rainforests and coastal wetlands. Geographically, these frogs are extensively distributed across Australia and New Guinea, with some species adapted to highly specific and localized habitats.

Frogs in this family exhibit significant variation in size and appearance, ranging from small, slender frogs like the Crinia species, measuring just a few centimeters in length, to larger, robust species like the Giant Banjo Frog (Limnodynastes interioris), which can grow up to 10 cm (4 in). Their skin texture varies widely, from smooth to warty, and their coloration often provides effective camouflage against predators. These frogs are primarily insectivorous, feeding on insects, spiders, and other small invertebrates. Their feeding strategies vary, with some species being active hunters and others using a sit-and-wait approach. Many of these frogs are nocturnal, emerging at night to hunt and take advantage of cooler, more humid conditions.

The family is also renowned for its diverse and often unique reproductive strategies. Some species, such as those in the genus Pseudophryne, lay eggs on land in moist environments where the eggs bypass the tadpole stage and hatch directly into miniature frogs. An extraordinary reproductive strategy, now known only from historical records, was exhibited by the gastric-brooding frogs (Rheobatrachus), where the female swallowed fertilized eggs that developed in her stomach and were later “born” through the mouth. Unfortunately, both known species of gastric-brooding frogs are believed to be extinct.