The Great Spotted Kiwi is a symbolic bird of New Zealand, holding the status of being the largest among the kiwi species. Its feathers are extraordinary; unlike the smooth plumage typical of many birds, the Great Spotted Kiwi’s feathers are shaggy and hair-like, ranging from grey to light brown. This adaptation provides insulation and camouflage within their natural habitat.
These birds possess facial whiskers around the gape, which are thought to be tactile, aiding in navigation and detecting food at night. The absence of a tail is another distinctive trait of kiwis, contributing to their round shape and compact appearance.
As nocturnal creatures, Great Spotted Kiwis prefer the cover of darkness to forage and socialize. However, in areas devoid of predators, they may occasionally venture out during daylight hours. Their nocturnal lifestyle is complemented by a strong sense of smell—a rarity among birds—which they use to locate food, consisting primarily of invertebrates in the soil.
The Great Spotted Kiwi is a territorial and, at times, aggressive bird. Males, in particular, defend their territories vigorously. A mating pair may occupy a territory of up to 25 hectares (62 acres), which can contain up to 50 burrows. These burrows are crucial for their survival, offering shelter from predators and the elements.
The vocalizations of the Great Spotted Kiwi are as distinctive as their appearance. They communicate with a repertoire of hisses, growls, and bill-clapping sounds, which serve various purposes, from mating calls to expressions of distress.
Historically, before human settlement, it is estimated that there were around 12 million Great Spotted Kiwis in New Zealand. However, their numbers have dwindled dramatically, with current estimates indicating as few as 8,000 individuals remaining. The decline is largely attributed to introduced predators such as stoats, dogs, and cats, as well as habitat loss and human encroachment.
Distribution
New Zealand
Official estimate
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Terrestrial / Aquatic
Altricial / Precocial
Polygamous / Monogamous
Dimorphic (size) / Monomorphic
Active: Diurnal / Nocturnal
Social behavior: Solitary / Pack / Herd
Diet: Carnivore / Herbivore / Omnivore / Piscivorous / Insectivore
Migratory: Yes / No
Domesticated: Yes / No
Dangerous: Yes / No
