Curaçao, spanning approximately 444 km² (171 mi²), lies north of the Venezuelan coast and is part of the Lesser Antilles. The island is separated from mainland South America by a deep ocean trench and features a volcanic core with a hilly, semi-arid landscape rimmed by fossil coral reefs. This variety of habitats makes Curaçao the most biodiverse of the Dutch islands, home to rare and endemic plants and animals.

The island measures 64 km (40 miles) in length and 16 km (10 miles) in width, boasting diverse terrains that include rolling hills, coastal plains, and limestone caves. Curaçao enjoys a tropical savannah climate with warm temperatures year-round and a dry season from January to September. Consistent trade winds provide a pleasant cooling effect, making it an ideal destination for outdoor activities.

Four pillars elaborated:

Land Management

Established in 1978, the 1,800 hectare (18 km²) park includes Curaçao’s highest point, Mount Christoffel, standing at 372 meters (1,220 ft). It boasts diverse landscapes, from dry forests to cacti and orchids, and provides ample opportunities for hiking, biking, and wildlife observation. The Shete Boka National Park safeguards the rugged north coast of Curaçao, featuring seven inlets carved into limestone cliffs by the sea. Visitors can explore caves, natural pools, and blowholes while witnessing the powerful waves crashing against the rocks.

While not situated on Curaçao, the neighboring Bonaire National Marine Park is easily accessible by boat and offers renowned diving and snorkeling experiences, encompassing over 2,700 hectares (27 km²) of coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves teeming with marine life.

Threats to Biodiversity

Curaçao’s biodiversity faces several threats that endanger its unique ecosystems and species. Urbanization and tourism-related development cause significant habitat loss, replacing natural habitats with infrastructure such as hotels and roads, which leads to declines in indigenous species populations and potential extinctions. Climate change exacerbates these threats, with rising ocean temperatures causing more frequent and severe coral bleaching events, where coral polyps expel the symbiotic algae essential for their nutrition and vibrant colors.

Additionally, mangroves in Curaçao are highly endangered due to years of eradication, leaving only a small fraction of the island covered by these critical ecosystems, which protect coastlines and serve as vital breeding and nursery grounds for marine species. These challenges underscore the urgent need for enhanced conservation efforts to safeguard Curaçao’s rich natural heritage.

Capacity and Governance

Curaçao has implemented various laws to promote environmental conservation and safeguard biodiversity. These include the Plastic Law, which prohibits the use of foam containers, plastic cutlery, and plastic bags, with exceptions for biodegradable plastic bags. Additionally, the National Ordinance on the Conservation of Nature focuses on protecting natural areas and species, while the National Ordinance on Environment Management provides a framework for sustainable development.

The National Ordinance on Environmental Impact Assessment mandates assessments for certain projects to prevent environmental harm. Other relevant regulations encompass various aspects such as fishing, reef protection, and sea turtle conservation. These laws and regulations underscore Curaçao’s dedication to environmental stewardship and the responsible management of its natural resources.

Future Trends

Curaçao has developed a comprehensive Biodiversity Plan 2030 as part of its sustainable development strategy, focusing on safeguarding its biodiversity. The plan encompasses five key themes: education, economy, sustainability, national identity, and good governance. Running until 2030, the National Development Plan 2015-2030 addresses challenges, including biodiversity loss, emphasizing sustainable resource management and environmental protection.

Moreover, Curaçao benefits from funding opportunities such as BESTLIFE2030, which supports nature conservation and restoration projects in the Caribbean region, contributing to the protection of the island’s diverse biodiversity.

Biodiversity

A Caribbean gem off the coast of Venezuela, Curaçao is a testament to the wonders of nature. Despite its small size, it is home to a diverse range of ecosystems and a rich biodiversity. The island’s arid climate nurtures unique flora and fauna, including a variety of cacti, divi-divi trees, and the rare Curaçao white-tailed deer, a true marvel of nature. The island’s terrestrial biodiversity is a treasure trove, primarily concentrated in areas like Christoffel National Park, which shelters several endemic plant species, lizards, and birds such as the Curaçao barn owl and the yellow warbler.

Curaçao’s coastal and marine environments are particularly notable for their breathtaking biodiversity. The island is surrounded by coral reefs that host a vibrant array of marine life, including colorful coral species, tropical fish, sea turtles, and various invertebrates. The waters around Curaçao are also home to dolphins and occasionally whale species. The coral reefs and clear waters make Curaçao a popular destination for diving and snorkeling, offering a unique opportunity to witness the beauty and diversity of the underwater world.

In the table below are the number of known species in several main groups, how many of these species are Threatened with extinction, and how many of them are Endemic (unique to Curaçao only):