Four pillars elaborated:

Biodiversity Sensitivity

Puerto Rico faces several critical threats to its biodiversity, including deforestation and habitat loss, which result from the conversion of forests and natural habitats for agriculture, urban development, and infrastructure. This leads to significant habitat fragmentation and poses a major threat to the island’s endemic and endangered species. Invasive species such as the green iguana, Asian lionfish, and various non-native plants have also contributed to the decline of native species by outcompeting them for resources. Water pollution and coastal degradation from industrial, agricultural, and urban runoff adversely affect marine and coastal ecosystems, endangering coral reefs and other sensitive habitats.

Furthermore, Puerto Rico is highly susceptible to the effects of climate change and natural disasters, such as sea-level rise, increased storm intensity, and shifting rainfall patterns, which disrupt ecosystems and put vulnerable species at risk. The lack of effective conservation efforts, exacerbated by limited resources and funding, hampers the protection and management of the island’s biodiversity, highlighting the need for improved enforcement and management of protected areas.

Land Management

Puerto Rico features a comprehensive network of protected areas that span both land and sea, dedicated to preserving the island’s rich ecological diversity. These sanctuaries include lush forests, untouched beaches, and vibrant coral reefs, falling under various categories such as national wildlife refuges, state forests, natural reserves, and marine protected areas. Each category adheres to specific regulations and management strategies designed to maintain the ecological integrity of these habitats. Notably, about 16% of Puerto Rico’s land, encompassing both public and private territories, is classified as protected. This extensive network of protected areas is vital for conserving biodiversity, delivering ecosystem services, and fostering sustainable development across the region.

Capacity and Governance

Puerto Rico has taken several initiatives to preserve and protect the environment in recent years. One of the most significant steps is the development of a comprehensive recycling program. The government of Puerto Rico has established recycling centers throughout the island, making it easier for residents to recycle plastic, glass, paper, and other materials. Additionally, Puerto Rico has set a goal of generating 50% of its energy from renewable sources by 2025.

To achieve this target, the government has implemented several measures, including tax incentives for renewable energy producers, and the creation of a green energy fund to finance renewable energy projects. Puerto Rico has also designated several protected areas, including the El Yunque National Forest, to safeguard its unique flora and fauna. Finally, the government is taking steps to reduce the use of single-use plastics by banning the use, sale, and distribution of single-use plastic bags, straws, and other plastic products.

Future Trends

The Puerto Rico Sea Grant Strategic Plan for 2024-2027 outlines a vision for a future where knowledgeable resource users and well-informed decision-makers coexist harmoniously with the island’s coastal and marine ecosystems. The plan emphasizes research, education, and outreach to encourage sustainable practices and biodiversity conservation. Complementing this, the Eastern Puerto Rico Ecosystem Resilience Through Conservation initiative seeks to bolster the resilience of the island’s eastern region, known for its rich biodiversity and extensive primary forests. This initiative focuses on protecting endangered species, restoring degraded habitats, and promoting sustainable land management.

Additionally, a study on Environmental Awareness and Willingness to Pay for Biodiversity suggests that Puerto Rico’s residents are prepared to financially support conservation efforts, underscoring the potential for community-driven initiatives and public-private partnerships to enhance future biodiversity strategies.